How much do I need to retire?

A common rule is 25× your annual expenses (the '4% rule'). If you spend $50,000/year, aim for $1.25 million. This allows withdrawing 4% annually with a high probability the money lasts 30+ years.

What rate of return should I use?

Conservative: 5% (bonds-heavy). Moderate: 7% (balanced). Aggressive: 9–10% (stocks-heavy). Always use real (after-inflation) returns for accurate purchasing power projections.

Should I use pre-tax (traditional) or post-tax (Roth) accounts?

Traditional 401k/IRA reduces taxes now; you pay later. Roth accounts grow tax-free, no taxes at withdrawal. Generally, Roth is better if you expect to be in a higher bracket at retirement.

What is an employer 401k match?

Many employers match a percentage of your contributions — a 100% match up to 3% of salary is common. This is free money and effectively doubles your return on those dollars.

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